Public-Private Partnerships in Mexico: Implications of Engaging With the Food and Beverage Industry for Public Health Nutrition.

BACKGROUND: In the last few years, Mexico adopted public health policies to tackle non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as front of package nutrition labelling, food marketing restrictions to children, and a soda tax. In parallel, transnational food and beverage industries (F&BIs), their allies, and the government have agreed on public-private partnerships (PPPs) to implement policies or deliver programs. However, research has questioned the benefits of PPPs and exposed its limitations as a suitable mechanism to improve public health. This study analyses how four PPPs between the Mexican government, the F&BI, and allies are working to achieve their goals. We critically assessed the objectives, scope, reported impacts, governance principles and perceived risks and benefits for the public health agenda of these PPPs. METHODS: This qualitative study is based on 26 interviews with key actors, and 170 publicly available documents, including 22 obtained through freedom of information (FOI) requests related to four purposively selected PPPs aiming to improve health. RESULTS: We found that the four PPPs studied had minimal public information available on their implementation and impact. The private partners tend to dictate the design, information management, and implementation of the programs, while promoting their brands. Few independent evaluations of the PPPs exist, and none reported on their effectiveness or public health benefits. Good governance principles, such as accountability, transparency, fairness, participation, integrity, and credibility, were barely followed in each of the cases studied. Public officials did not automatically question the conflict of interest (CoI) of such arrangements. When there were COI, the potential risks these posed did not always outweigh the financial benefits of working with the F&BI and its allies. CONCLUSION: The four PPPs studied produced minimal gains for public health while boosting credibility for the participating transnational F&BIs. It shows the lack of awareness of how these PPPs might be hindering public health gains.

Temporal trend in the nutritional status of children in a Brazilian metropolis in light of food and nutrition policies / Tendencia temporal en el estado nutricional de los niños en una metrópolis brasileña a la luz de las políticas de alimentación y nutrición

Introduction. Brazil's health system offers insights into addressing the double burden of malnutrition by proper population monitoring, coupled with local policies and national guidelines. Objective. To investigate the recent temporal trends in nutritional status indicators and its coverage of children aged two to five years from Campinas, a metropolis in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Material and methods. The analysis of time series from 2018 to 2022 were conducted by accessing data from the Brazilian Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN) due to regression analysis. Results. The number of children aged two to five in the SISVAN registry rose from 7,300 in 2018 to 11,171 in 2022, forming the study sample. In 2018, 700 were chronically undernourished, 306 underweight, and 977 overweight; by 2022, 530 showed stunting, 457 were underweight, and 1,084 overweight. Stunting prevalence declined from 9.6% (2018) to 4.7% (2022). Underweight dropped slightly from 4.2% to 4.1% over the years and overweight, consistently the highest indicator, ranged from 13.4% (2018) to 9.7% (2022). SISVAN's coverage varied between 16.6% (2018) and 26.1% (2022), the lowest at 12.3% in 2020. The trend for stunting decreased significantly (APV: -15.01; CI95% -22.64; -6.62). Adding SISVAN's coverage variable the model slightly reduced the declining stunting trend (APV: -12.12; CI95% -13.19; -11.04). Conclusions. Coordinated efforts to address nutritional challenges, from adequate population monitoring to the interaction between local policies and national guidelines, have shown positive health outcomes(AU)

Introducción. El sistema de salud de Brasil ofrece conocimientos valiosos para abordar la doble carga de malnutrición mediante el seguimiento adecuado de la población y políticas locales y nacionales. Objetivo. Investigar las tendencias temporales recientes en indicadores nutricionales y cobertura en niños de dos a cinco años en Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron datos del SISVAN de 2018 a 2022 con regresión temporal. Resultados. Niños de dos a cinco años en el SISVAN pasaron de 7,300 en 2018 a 11,171 en 2022. En 2018, 700 estaban crónicamente desnutridos, 306 con bajo peso y 977 con sobrepeso; en 2022, 530 con retraso en el crecimiento, 457 con bajo peso y 1,084 con sobrepeso. La prevalencia del retraso en el crecimiento bajó de 9,6% a 4,7%. El bajo peso disminuyó levemente del 4,2% al 4,1% y el sobrepeso osciló del 13,4% al 9,7%. La cobertura de SISVAN varió de 16.6% a 26.1%, con un mínimo de 12.3% en 2020. La tendencia del retraso en el crecimiento disminuyó significativamente (APV: -15.01; CI95% -22.64; -6.62). La inclusión de la cobertura de SISVAN redujo levemente esta tendencia (APV: -12.12; CI95% -13.19; -11.04). Conclusiones. Coordinar esfuerzos para abordar los desafíos nutricionales, desde el seguimiento de la población hasta políticas locales y nacionales, ha tenido resultados positivos para la salud(AU)

Consenso colombiano de Falla Intestinal Crónica en Síndrome de Intestino Corto / Colombian Consensus on Chronic Intestinal Failure in Short Bowel Syndrome

Introducción. Los términos falla intestinal crónica, síndrome de intestino corto (SIC) y nutrición parenteral total son muy frecuentes en la práctica clínica cotidiana.El objetivo de esta guía fue establecer un marco de referencia de práctica clínica basado en el mejor de nivel de evidencia en pacientes con falla intestinal crónica secundaria a síndrome de intestino corto. Métodos. Se estableció un grupo de expertos interdisciplinarios en el manejo de la falla intestinal crónica quienes, previa revisión de la literatura escogida, se reunieron de manera virtual acogiendo el método Delphi para discutir una serie de preguntas seleccionadas, enfocadas en el contexto terapéutico de la falla intestinal crónica asociada al síndrome de intestino corto. Resultados. La recomendación del grupo de expertos colombianos es que se aconseje a los pacientes con SIC consumir dietas regulares de alimentos integrales que genere hiperfagia para compensar la malabsorción. Las necesidades proteicas y energéticas dependen de las características individuales de cada paciente; la adecuación del régimen debe ser evaluada a través de pruebas clínicas, antropométricas y parámetros bioquímicos. Se sugiere, especialmente a corto plazo después de la resección intestinal, el uso de análogos de somatostatina para pacientes con yeyunostomía de alto gasto en quienes el manejo de líquidos y electrolitos es problemático. En pacientes con SIC, que son candidatos a tratamiento con enterohormonas, Teduglutida es la primera opción. Conclusión. Existen recomendaciones en el manejo integral de la rehabilitación intestinal respaldadas ampliamente por este consenso y es importante el reconocimiento de alternativas terapéuticos enmarcadas en el principio de buenas prácticas clínicas.

Introduction. The terms chronic intestinal failure, short bowel syndrome (SBS), and total parenteral nutrition are very common in daily clinical practice. The objective of this guideline was to establish a reference framework for clinical practice based on the best level of evidence in patients with chronic intestinal failure secondary to short bowel syndrome. Methods. A group of interdisciplinary experts in the management of chronic intestinal failure was established who, after reviewing the selected literature, met virtually using the Delphi method to discuss a series of selected questions, focused on the therapeutic context of chronic intestinal failure associated with short bowel syndrome. Results. The recommendation of the Colombian expert group is that patients with SBS be advised to consume regular diets of whole foods that generate hyperphagia to compensate malabsorption. Protein and energy needs depend on the individual characteristics of each patient; the adequacy of the regimen must be evaluated through clinical, anthropometric tests and biochemical parameters. The use of somatostatin analogue is suggested, especially in the short term after bowel resection, for patients with high-output jejunostomy in whom fluid and electrolyte management is problematic. In SBS, who are candidates for enterohormonal therapy, Teduglutide is the first choice. Conclusion. There are recommendations on the comprehensive management of intestinal rehabilitation that are widely supported by this consensus and it is important to recognize therapeutic alternatives framed in the principle of good clinical practice.

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education reductions during COVID-19 may have exacerbated health inequities.

Objective: Describe, and assess disparities in, the changes in Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education (SNAP-Ed) that occurred the year before vs. the year when COVID-19 restrictions were implemented. Design: Observational study comparing reach, intensity, and dose of California Local Health Department (LHD) SNAP-Ed interventions in Federal Fiscal years 2019 and 2020 (FFY19, FFY20). Analysis: Student t-tests determined significance of differences in the number of Direct Education (DE) programs, Policy, Systems and Environmental change (PSE) sites, people reached, and intervention intensity and dose between FFY19 and FFY20 using data reported online by LHDs. Linear regression assessed associations between census tract-level characteristics (urbanicity; percentages of population with income <185% of federal poverty level, under 18 years of age, and belonging to various racial/ethnic groups; and California Healthy Places Index) and changes in number of DE programs, PSE sites, people reached, and intervention dose between FFY19 and FFY20. Results: From FFY19 to FFY20, the number of DE programs, PSE sites, people reached, and census tract-level intervention intensity and dose decreased. Higher census tract poverty, higher proportions of Black and Latino residents, and less healthy neighborhood conditions were associated with greater decreases in some intervention characteristics including PSE sites, PSE reach, DE programs, and DE dose. Conclusions and implications: These reductions in LHD SNAP-Ed interventions indicate reduced access to education and environments that support healthy eating and obesity prevention during a time when this support was especially needed to reduce risk of COVID-19 infection and complications. Disproportionately reduced access, may have worsened health disparities in already-disadvantaged communities. Assuring maintenance of SNAP-Ed interventions, especially in disadvantaged communities, should be a priority during public health emergencies.

Diseño y validación de una escala para medir la alfabetización alimentaria entre estudiantes universitarios

El objetivo de esta investigación es diseñar y validar una escala para medir la alfabetización alimentaria entre estudiantes universitarios. Su validez se basó en análisis de contenido, de consistencia interna, factorial exploratorio y factorial confirmatorio, aplicados sobre datos correspondientes a estudiantes universitarios de 18 a 25 años, de los programas de administración y nutrición de una universidad mexicana. Los resultados indican que medir la alfabetización alimentaria entre estudiantes universitarios debe considerar cuatro componentes: la selección de insumos y alimentos, el consumo de alimentos con calidad nutricional y en la cantidad apropiada, las actitudes acerca de lo importante que es desarrollar hábitos de alimentación saludables y la percepción del control que las personas tienen sobre su propia alimentación. Una de las principales limitaciones de esta investigación consiste en que la muestra es muy específica, por lo cual, la validación de la escala entre muestras estudiantiles más amplias es una oportunidad para desarrollar futuras investigaciones. Los hallazgos obtenidos son de interés para académicos que participan en el diseño de programas educativos enfocados en el desarrollo de hábitos alimenticios saludables, así como de personas responsables de instrumentar políticas, programas e iniciativas en materia de nutrición, alimentación y salud tendientes a mejorar el bienestar general de la población.

This paper aims to design and validate a scale to measure food literacy among university students. We performed content, internal consistency, exploratory factor, and confirmatory factor analyses, based on data corresponding to management and nutrition university students aged 18-25, at a Mexican university. Our results indicate that measuring food literacy among university students must consider four components: the selection of supplies and foods, the consumption of meals with nutritional quality and in the appropriate quantity, attitudes about the importance of developing healthy eating habits, and the perception of control that consumers have about their diet. One of the main limitations of this study is that the sample is very specific, so the validation of the scale among larger student samples is an opportunity to develop future research. Our findings are of interest to academics who participate in the design of educational programs focused on the development of healthy eating habits, as well as to the designers and developers of policies, programs, and initiatives regarding nutrition, food, and health aimed at improving general well-being.

Perfil das áreas técnicas de alimentação e nutrição de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil: organização para tomadas de decisão / Profile of food and nutrition technical areas in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil: decision making organization

Resumo Mato Grosso do Sul é líder nacional em mortes atribuíveis ao excesso de peso. O objetivo foi analisar a organização da gestão das ações da área de alimentação e nutrição dos municípios de MS. Estudo descritivo-exploratório realizado em MS, no qual cada gestor municipal de alimentação e nutrição respondeu sobre seu perfil, atuação, governança e financiamento. A análise de dados valeu-se de frequência, teste qui-quadrado e árvore de decisão. Todos participaram (n=79), a maioria era do sexo feminino (92,4%), raça/cor branca (62%), enfermeiros (45,6%) ou nutricionistas (36,7%). A gestão financeira mostrou-se tão incipiente no estado, que financiamentos específicos da área foram desprezados. A ausência de área técnica no organograma do município foi congruente com o desconhecimento de ações, metas e alocação de recursos; sua presença coincidiu com haver responsáveis técnicos formalmente indicados, política de alimentação e nutrição municipal, metas e elaboração de materiais. A árvore de decisão mostra que ter nutricionista na equipe traz efeitos positivos, como mais participação em processos decisórios. Falhas encontradas esclarecem, em parte, causas da grave situação do estado, e podem apoiar a criação de estratégias de intervenção.

Abstract The aim of the present study was to analyze the management organization of food and nutrition actions in the municipalities of Mato Grosso do Sul. This is a descriptive-exploratory study carried out in Mato Grosso do Sul, in which each municipal food and nutrition manager answered questions about performance, governance and financing profile. Data analysis applied frequency, chi-square test and decision tree tools. All cities were included (n=79). Most of the participants were female (92.4%), white (62%), nurses (45.6%) or nutritionists (36.7%). Financial management proved to be so incipient in the state since specific food and nutrition funding was neglected. The absence of a technical area in the municipality's organizational chart was consistent with the lack of knowledge of actions, goals and resource allocation. Their presence coincided with having formally appointed technical managers, municipal food and nutrition policy, goals and elaboration of specialized materials. The present study also proposed a decision tree pointing that having a nutritionist in the team led to a positive result. The failures found in this study partly clarify the causes of the unsettling situation in the state. Our findings can support the creation of intervention strategies.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Experiences and Operations of Sponsors of the Summer Food Service Program in Maryland, USA: A Multiphase Mixed Methods Study.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Summer Food Service Program (SFSP) was allowed to operate in untraditional non-summer months to ensure children did not lose access to free and reduced-priced nutritious meals when schools were mandated to close in the United States. This study assessed the impact of the pandemic on the operations and experiences of Summer Food Service Program (SFSP) sponsors in the state of Maryland during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 (Phase I) and 2021 (Phase II). This study used a multiphase explanatory sequential mixed methods design with qualitative prioritization. Maryland SFSP sponsors completed an online survey (Phase I: n = 27, Phase II: n = 30), and semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with a subset of sponsors who completed the survey (Phase I: n = 12, Phase II: n = 7). Inductive and deductive analyses were used for qualitative data, and descriptive statistics were used for quantitative data. The COVID-19 pandemic caused SFSP sponsors to change their operations. Sponsors were primarily concerned about staff safety/burnout and decreased participation. Sponsors perceived waivers implemented by the United States Department of Agriculture to be crucial in enabling them to serve meals to children during the pandemic. The findings from our study support advocacy efforts to permanently implement waivers and provide free school meals for all children.

Leveraging Food-Related Values for Impact in Community Nutrition Education Programs (Interventions).

This study draws attention to the potential benefits of leveraging food values to amplify the impact of nutrition education programs. The study has collected data via a telephone survey from 417 randomly selected residents in Guilford County in the state of North Carolina. In our analysis, we have identified and used three underlying dimensions (ethical, social environmental and sensory) that summarize and capture the meaning of food-related values instead of a list of food values commonly used in the literature. Researchers have then used these dimensions as clustering variables to produce three segments from the data: value-positive, value-negative, and hedonic. Results show that residents in the value positive segment had positive perceptions of all values, those in value negative segment had negative perception of all values, and those in the hedonic segment had only positive perception of sensory values. A key finding is that value-positive residents have healthier food-related lifestyles and food-related behaviors than residents in the other segments. Interventions should focus on value-negative and hedonic residents and emphasize value-based education tailored to strengthening social/environmental and ethical food values. To ensure success, interventions should graft healthier lifestyle habits and behaviors on familiar behaviors and lifestyle.

Impacts of Covid-19 School Closures on School Food Service Revenue: Analysis of Public Local Education Agencies in Maryland.

BACKGROUND: The public health policies and school closures in response to the Covid-19 pandemic have created disruptions in school meal programs. Research is needed to understand the changes in school food service revenue before and during the initial Covid-19-related school shutdowns. METHODS: A longitudinal cohort study examining federal and state reimbursements as well as sales revenues for all public local education agencies (LEAs) in Maryland from school years (SY) 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 was conducted. Monthly changes in federal and state reimbursements for Child Nutrition Programs, including the National School Lunch Program (NSLP), School Breakfast Program (SBP), Summer Food Service Program (SFSP), and Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) were examined. RESULTS: In the SY 2018-2019, the total revenues from federal and state reimbursements for SBP, NSLP, SFSP, and at-risk CACFP were $272.9 million; in comparison, for the SY 2019-2020, the total revenues were $241.8 million (11.4% reduction from SY 2018-2019). On average, the school shutdown (during March to June 2020) was associated with a $450,385 (p-value < .01) reduction in federal and state reimbursements per LEA-month (41% reduction). CONCLUSIONS: The school shutdown during the Covid-19 pandemic was associated with a statistically significant reduction in school food service revenues across Maryland's public LEAs.

Work of nutritionists from the Family Health Support Center in the state of Paraíba, Brazil / Atuação de nutricionistas de Núcleo de Apoio à Saúde da Família no estado da Paraíba, Brasil

INTRODUCTION: Nutritional care in Primary Health Care is essential to face the problems of food and nutrition of the Brazilian population. OBJECTIVE: To compare the performance patterns of nutritionists who are members of the Family Health Support Center in the state of Paraíba, according to training in Primary Health Care. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 34 nutritionists linked to the Family Health Support Center in the State of Paraíba. Information on demographic characteristics, professional qualification, labor specificities, knowledge, and use of essential bibliography for work in Primary Health Care, development of food and nutrition actions, and job satisfaction were collected. RESULTS: There were deficiencies in the knowledge and use of some technical documents in the area, as well as in the development of actions related to food and nutrition surveillance (completion of SISVAN-Web/e-SUS forms/sheets and interpretation of nutritional reports), vitamin A, and iron supplementation programs and care provision (monitoring of the growth and food guidance) to beneficiaries of the Bolsa Familia Program, especially among professionals without training in Primary Health Care. CONCLUSION: Nutritionists act on the actions of the food and nutrition programmatic agenda in Primary Health Care. The use of SISVAN-Web or e-SUS, activities linked to micronutrient supplementation programs, and the care provided to beneficiaries of the Bolsa Família Program were the least developed actions, particularly in the absence of training to work in Primary Health Care.

INTRODUÇÃO: O cuidado nutricional na Atenção Primária à Saúde é essencial para enfrentar os problemas de alimentação e nutrição da população brasileira. OBJETIVO: Comparar os padrões de atuação de nutricionistas integrantes de Núcleo de Apoio à Saúde da Família no Estado da Paraíba conforme a realização de treinamentos em Atenção Primária à Saúde. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, realizado com 34 nutricionistas vinculados aos Núcleo de Apoio à Saúde da Família no Estado da Paraíba. Foram coletadas informações sobre características demográficas, qualificação profissional, particularidades trabalhistas, conhecimento e utilização de bibliografia essencial para o trabalho na Atenção Primária à Saúde, desenvolvimento de ações de alimentação e nutrição, e satisfação com o trabalho. RESULTADOS: Houve deficiências no conhecimento e utilização de alguns documentos técnicos da área, bem como no desenvolvimento de ações relacionadas à vigilância alimentar e nutricional (preenchimento de formulários/fichas do SISVAN-Web/e-SUS e interpretação de relatórios nutricionais), aos programas de suplementação de vitamina A e ferro e à prestação de cuidados (acompanhamento do crescimento e orientação alimentar) a beneficiários do Programa Bolsa Família, principalmente entre os profissionais sem treinamento em Atenção Primária à Saúde. CONCLUSÃO: Os nutricionistas atuam em ações da agenda programática de alimentação e nutrição na Atenção Primária à Saúde. O uso do SISVAN-Web ou e-SUS, atividades vinculadas aos programas de suplementação com micronutrientes e a atenção prestada a beneficiários do Programa Bolsa Família foram as ações menos desenvolvidas, particularmente na ausência de capacitação para trabalhar na Atenção Primária à Saúde.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the adaptability and resiliency of school food programs across Canada.

Introduction: Following the sudden closure of schools due to the pandemic in 2020, many school food program (SFP) operators lost their operating venues and had to innovate to continue distributing meals to children. Our objective was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the delivery, adaptability, and resiliency of school food programs across Canada by conducting a systematic rapid review. Materials and methods: Systematic literature searches identified newspaper articles and social media sources related to the adaptations and challenges faced by school food programs across Canada in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Included sources were assessed and thematically categorized according to the dimensions of the Analysis Grid for Environments Linked to Obesity (ANGELO) and Getting To Equity (GTE) frameworks to identify factors impacting the delivery, adaptability, and resiliency of school food programs in Canada. Results: School food programs in Canada made various efforts to meet existing and new challenges associated with the delivery of these programs to keep feeding school children, particularly those most vulnerable, during the pandemic. Distribution of food kits, prepared meals and gift cards/coupons were successful pathways in ensuring support for food accessibility to students and their families. Increased collaborations between community members and organizations/stakeholders to help maintain food delivery or collectively offer new modes to deliver foods were most frequently cited as key to facilitating school food programming. However, maintenance and sustainability related to operating costs and funding were identified as key challenges to successful school food programming. Conclusion: Our study highlights the swift and substantial transformation school food programs,, underwent in response to the pandemic, driven by the urgent need to ensure that students still had access to nutritious meals and the importance of policy and resource support to bolster the adaptability and resiliency of these programs. Findings on facilitators and challenges to school food programs during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic can inform development of guidelines to design a robust national Canadian school food program and help make existing programs more sustainable, adaptable, and resilient.

Implementation of strategies and programs for breastfeeding, complementary feeding, and malnutrition of young children in Brazil: advances and challenges / Implementação de estratégias e programas de amamentação, alimentação complementar e desnutrição de crianças pequenas no Brasil: avanços e desafios / Implementación de estrategias y programas de lactancia materna, alimentación complementaria y desnutrición en niños pequeños en Brasil: avances y desafíos

Abstract: Malnutrition in all its forms has risen on global agendas due to the recognition of its magnitude and consequences for a wide range of human, social, and economic outcomes. Implementing strategies and programs with the needed scale and quality is a major challenge. The Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019) pointed out several advances but numerous challenges. In this paper, we reflect on the implementation progress of breastfeeding, complementary feeding and young children malnutrition strategies and programs in Brazil and how existing challenges can be overcome through the lens of implementation science. First, we present a brief history of such programs. Second, we selected two breastfeeding initiatives to illustrate and reflect on common implementation challenges. In these case studies, we used the RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance) framework to analyze the implementation and scaling up barriers and facilitators. We found common barriers related to unclear goals about the reach of programs, challenges in assessing effectiveness and fidelity/quality during the real-world implementation, discontinuation or lack of funding, and lack of monitoring and evaluation impacting the sustainability of programs. We also discuss the use of implementation science to achieve adequate nutrition by 2030 and present critical elements for successful scale implementation of nutrition programs based on global evidence. Despite the investment to implement different actions aimed at facing infant feeding and malnutrition, high-quality implementation research must become a priority to catalyze progress in Brazil.

Resumo: A desnutrição, em todas as suas formas, cresceu nas agendas globais devido ao reconhecimento de sua magnitude e consequências para uma ampla gama de resultados humanos, sociais e econômicos. Implementar estratégias e programas com a escala e a qualidade necessárias é um grande desafio. O Estudo Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição Infantil (ENANI-2019) apontou vários avanços, mas inúmeros desafios. Este artigo reflete sobre o progresso da implementação de estratégias e programas de amamentação, alimentação complementar e desnutrição de crianças pequenas no Brasil e como os desafios existentes podem ser superados através das lentes da ciência da implementação. Primeiramente, um breve histórico de tais programas é apresentado. Em seguida, duas iniciativas de amamentação selecionadas para ilustrar e refletir sobre os desafios comuns de implementação. Nesses estudos de caso, o modelo RE-AIM (alcance, eficácia, adoção, implementação e manutenção) foi utilizado para analisar a implementação e ampliar barreiras e facilitadores. Foram encontradas barreiras comuns relacionadas a metas pouco claras sobre o alcance dos programas, desafios na avaliação da eficácia e fidelidade/qualidade durante a implementação no mundo real, a interrupção ou falta de financiamento e a falta de monitoramento e avaliação que afetam a sustentabilidade dos programas. O uso da ciência da implementação para alcançar uma nutrição adequada até 2030 também foi discutido, apresentando elementos críticos para a implementação em escala bem-sucedida de programas de nutrição com base em evidências globais. Apesar do investimento para implementar diferentes ações voltadas para o enfrentamento da alimentação infantil e da desnutrição, a pesquisa de implementação de alta qualidade deve se tornar uma prioridade para catalisar o progresso no Brasil.

Resumen: La desnutrición, en todos sus grados, es un tema que está presente en las agendas mundiales debido a su magnitud y consecuencias para una amplia gama de resultados humanos, sociales y económicos. La implementación de estrategias y programas con la escala y calidad requeridas es un gran desafío. El Estudio Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición Infantil (ENANI-2019) apunta varios avances y numerosos desafíos. Este artículo reflexiona sobre el progreso en la implementación de estrategias y programas para la lactancia materna, la alimentación complementaria y la desnutrición infantil en Brasil y sobre cómo se pueden superar los desafíos existentes desde la implementación. En primer lugar, se presenta una breve historia de tales programas. A continuación, se seleccionan dos iniciativas de lactancia materna para ilustrar y reflexionar sobre los desafíos comunes de implementación. En este estudio de caso se utilizó el modelo RE-AIM (alcance, eficacia, adopción, implementación y mantenimiento) para analizar la implementación y ampliar las barreras y facilitadores. Se encontraron barreras comunes relacionadas con los objetivos poco definidos sobre el alcance de los programas, con los desafíos para evaluar la efectividad y la fidelidad/calidad durante la implementación, con la interrupción o falta de financiamiento y con la falta de monitoreo y evaluación que afectan la sostenibilidad de los programas. También se discutió el uso de la implementación para lograr una nutrición adecuada para 2030, mediante la presentación de elementos críticos para implementar con éxito los programas de nutrición basados en evidencia global. Si bien se promueve la implementación de diferentes acciones destinadas al combate de la alimentación infantil y la desnutrición, la implementación de gran calidad debe ser una prioridad en Brasil.

Analysis of the implementation of Food and Nutrition Education actions in public schools in a capital city in southern Brazil / Análise da implementação de ações de Educação Alimentar e Nutricional em escolas públicas municipais de uma capital da região do Sul do Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the insertion of Food and Nutrition Education actions in Early Childhood and Elementary Education units of the municipal public school system of Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, in 2019. Methods This analytical study applied an online questionnaire directed to the 125 Early Childhood and Elementary Education schools in Florianópolis. Results Ninety-four schools (75.2%) participated in the study, among which 94.7% developed Nutritional Food Education actions in 2019. It was made evident that the insertion of Nutritional Food Education in the Pedagogical Political Project (p<0.001) and the planning of such actions (p<0.001) in schools has a significant association with their implementation. The participation of the professionals in training in food and nutrition showed no association with the implementation of the Nutritional Food Education actions. The actions developed most frequently were the pedagogical activities in the school curriculum (95.5%), the school garden (71.9%), and the hands-on cooking classes (46.1%). Conclusion The study identified a positive panorama in the capital of Santa Catarina, with actions included transversally in the school curriculum with a multiprofessional focus standing out. However, the need for studies that monitor and evaluate the actions is emphasized.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a inserção de ações de Educação Alimentar e Nutricional em unidades de Educação Infantil e Ensino Fundamental da rede pública municipal de Florianópolis, no ano de 2019. Métodos Ratos Wistar machos foram divididos em dois grupos experimentais de acordo com a dieta da mãe durante a gestação e lactação: grupo controle (NP: 17% caseína n=6) e grupo desnutrido (LP: 8% caseína n=6). Aos 60 dias de vida, os ratos foram sacrificados para coleta do hipotálamo para posterior análise bioquímica. Resultados Participaram do estudo 94 das 125 escolas de Educação Infantil e Ensino Fundamental de Florianópolis (75,2%). Dessas, 94,7% desenvolveram ações de Educação Alimentar Nutricional no ano de 2019. Evidenciou-se que a inserção da Educação Alimentar Nutricional no Projeto Político Pedagógico (p<0,001) e o planejamento dessas ações (p<0,001) nas escolas têm associação significativa com a sua realização. A participação dos profissionais em formação sobre alimentação e nutrição não mostrou associação com a realização das ações de Educação Alimentar Nutricional. As ações desenvolvidas com mais frequência foram a inclusão de atividades pedagógicas no currículo escolar (95,5%), a horta pedagógica (71,9%) e as oficinas culinárias (46,1%). Conclusão O estudo identificou um panorama positivo na capital catarinense, com destaque para ações incluídas transversalmente no currículo escolar, com enfoque multiprofissional. Ressalta-se, no entanto, a necessidade de desenvolvimento de estudos de monitoramento e avaliação das ações.

Alimentos e preparações culinárias regionais e da sociobiodiversidade na alimentação escolar brasileira: uma revisão integrativa / Regional and sociobiodiversity foods and culinary preparations in Brazilian school meals: an integrative review

Objetivo: Discutir como a temática dos alimentos e preparações culinárias regionais e da sociobiodiversidade está inserida na alimentação escolar pública brasileira, por meio do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE). Métodos: Revisão integrativa da literatura com buscas nas bases COCHRANE Library, EMBASE, SciELO, LILACS, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science e Google Acadêmico. A coleta de artigos foi realizada durante os meses de junho e julho de 2022 e limitou-se a estudos publicados no período entre 2009 e 2022. Os artigos foram agregados em categorias segundo o enfoque ou objetivo de estudo. Resultados: Foram encontrados 2881 resultados e incluídos 21 artigos. Observou-se predominância de abrangência local nos estudos e abordagem qualitativa (42,8%; n=9), com maior recorrência da categoria "presença nos cardápios do PNAE'' (38,1%; n=8), seguido pelas categorias ''interação com os diferentes atores do PNAE" (33,3%; n=7) e "testes de aceitabilidade com estudantes do PNAE'' (28,6%; n=6).  Conclusão: Observou-se a insuficiência de estudos sobre esta temática e, dentre os artigos encontrados, pontua-se a heterogeneidade e fragilidade no arcabouço teórico e nos procedimentos metodológicos. Recomenda-se a realização de mais estudos na área com o objetivo de obter um panorama mais amplo da situação atual da temática no PNAE e explorar as potencialidades dos alimentos e preparações culinárias regionais e da sociobiodiversidade na alimentação escolar brasileira. (AU)

Objective: To discuss how the theme of regional food and culinary preparations and socio-biodiversity is inserted in Brazilian public school feeding, through the National School Feeding Program (PNAE). Method: Integrative literature review with searches in the COCHRANE Library, EMBASE, SciELO, LILACS, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases. The collection of articles was carried out in the months of June and July 2022 and was limited to studies published in the period between 2009 and 2022. The articles were aggregated into categories according to the focus or objective of the study. Results: 2881 results were found and 21 articles were included. There was a predominance of local coverage in the studies and a qualitative approach (42.8%; n=9), with greater recurrence of the category ''presence in the PNAE menus'' (38.1%; n=8), followed by categories ''interaction with different PNAE actors'' (33.3%; n=7) and ''acceptability tests with PNAE students'' (28.6%; n=6). Conclusion: There was a lack of studies on this subject and, among the articles found, heterogeneity and fragility in the theoretical framework and methodological procedures were highlighted. It is recommended that further studies be carried out in the area with the aim of obtaining a broader view of the current situation of the theme in the PNAE and exploring the potential of regional food and culinary preparations and socio-biodiversity in Brazilian school feeding. (AU)

Obesidade e interseccionalidade: análise crítica de narrativas no âmbito das políticas públicas de saúde no Brasil (2004-2021) / Obesity and intersectionality: critical analysis of narratives within public health policies in Brazil (2004-2021) / Obesidad e interseccionalidad: análisis crítico de narrativas en el ámbito de las políticas públicas de salud en Brasil (2004-2021)

Resumo: Objetivou-se realizar uma análise crítica da narrativa das políticas públicas de saúde brasileiras no cuidado da obesidade a partir de uma perspectiva interseccional. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo exploratório, documental e analítico, baseado na abordagem "What's the problem represented to be?" ["Qual é o problema representado para ser?"], conhecida como WPR. Tal abordagem se configura como uma ferramenta metodológica de análise crítica de políticas públicas a partir de seis perguntas norteadoras. Foram selecionados dez documentos, publicados entre 2004 a 2021 pelo governo brasileiro. A análise crítica resultou em três categorias: (i) causas da obesidade e narrativa dominante: quais são os problemas representados?; (ii) narrativa dominante e cuidado em saúde: quais são os efeitos para as pessoas com obesidade?; e (iii) obesidade e interseccionalidade: onde estão os silêncios? O consumo de alimentos e o sedentarismo foram a narrativa dominante como causas da obesidade. A interseccionalidade, mediada pelas categorias de gênero/sexo, raça/cor e classe social, foi identificada como um silêncio na narrativa das políticas públicas de saúde. Tais categorias não foram consideradas como causas atreladas à obesidade, tampouco foram incluídas de forma efetiva nas ações propostas pelas políticas públicas de saúde. Os silêncios encontrados no estudo destacam a necessidade de inclusão da interseccionalidade na elaboração e execução de políticas públicas de saúde e no cuidado das pessoas com obesidade. Tendo em vista as intersecções de gênero/sexo, raça/cor e classe social e suas formas de opressão com o surgimento e agravo da obesidade, são de extrema relevância análises críticas sobre as narrativas simplistas nas políticas públicas de saúde para problematização das lacunas que repercutem no cuidado dos usuários com obesidade.

Abstract: This study aimed to critically analyze the narrative of Brazilian public health policies in obesity care based on an intersectional approach. This is a qualitative exploratory, documentary, and analytical study based on the "What's the problem represented to be?" approach (WPR). This approach constitutes a methodological instrument for critical analysis of public policies based on six guiding questions. A total of ten documents were selected, published from 2004 to 2021 by the Brazilian government. The critical analysis resulted in three categories: (i) obesity causes and the dominant narrative: what problems are represented?; (ii) dominant narrative and health care: what are the effects for people with obesity?; (iii) obesity and intersectionality: where are silences? The consumption of food and sedentary lifestyle were the dominant narrative as causes of obesity. Intersectionality, mediated by the categories of gender/sex, race/skin-color, and social class, was identified as silenced in the narrative of public health policies, not being associated as linked causes of obesity, nor effectively included in the proposed actions of the policies. The silences found in the study highlight the need to include intersectionality in the elaboration and execution of public health policies and in the care of people with obesity. Considering the intersections of gender/sex, race/skin-color, and social class and their forms of oppression in the emergence and aggravation of obesity, critical analyses of simplistic narratives in public health policies are extremely relevant to problematize gaps affect the care of users with obesity.

Resumen: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo realizar un análisis crítico de la narrativa de las políticas públicas de salud brasileñas en el cuidado de la obesidad con base en un enfoque interseccional. Estudio cualitativo exploratorio, documental y analítico. Basado en el enfoque "Whats the problem represent to be?" [¿Cuál es el problema representado?], conocido como WPR. Tal enfoque se configura como una herramienta metodológica para el análisis crítico de las políticas públicas con base en seis preguntas rectoras. Se seleccionaron 10 documentos, publicados entre el 2004 y el 2021 por el gobierno brasileño. El análisis crítico resultó en tres categorías: (i) causas de la obesidad y la narrativa dominante: ¿Qué problemas se representan?; (ii) narrativa dominante y el cuidado en salud ¿Cuáles son los efectos para las personas con obesidad?; (iii) obesidad e interseccionalidad ¿Dónde están los silencios?. El consumo de alimentos y el sedentarismo fueron la narrativa dominante como causas de la obesidad. La interseccionalidad, mediada por las categorías de género/sexo, raza/color y clase social fue identificada como un silencio en la narrativa de las PPS, sin asociarlas como causas vinculadas a la obesidad ni incluirlas de forma efectiva en las acciones propuestas por las políticas públicas de salud. Los silencios encontrados en el estudio resaltan la necesidad de incluir la interseccionalidad en la elaboración y ejecución de las políticas públicas de salud y en el cuidado de las personas con obesidad. Considerando las intersecciones de género/sexo, raza/color y clase social y sus formas de opresión con el surgimiento y agravamiento de la obesidad, es sumamente relevante realizar análisis críticos sobre las narrativas simplistas en las políticas públicas de salud, para problematizar las brechas que repercuten en el cuidado de los usuarios con obesidad.

Avaliação do Programa de Promoção da Alimentação Adequada e Saudável na Atenção Primária: pesquisa de métodos mistos / Evaluating the Adequate and Healthy Food Promotion Program in Primary Care: a mixed methods research

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a implantação do Programa de Promoção da Alimentação Adequada e Saudável na Atenção Primária à Saúde em municípios de Minas Gerais. Pesquisa de Métodos Mistos com Estratégia Incorporada Concomitante de dados. Na abordagem quantitativa utilizou-se pesquisa avaliativa na perspectiva da análise de implantação. Na abordagem qualitativa realizou-se estudo exploratório-descritivo utilizando a análise de conteúdo. Os dados qualitativos e quantitativos foram incorporados para análise a partir de sua imbricação. O Grau de Implantação do programa foi 92,5% representando uma implantação adequada. Na imbricação dos dados, a metodologia das ações propostas no programa e a realização da atividade de Educação Permanente foram pontos fortes convergentes que emergiram. Recursos Humanos insuficientes para planejamento e execução do programa e falta de cozinha para oficina culinária foram apontados como desafios. A implantação do programa foi adequada e poderá ser estendida para outros municípios brasileiros, de forma a apoiar os profissionais a estruturar intervenções de promoção da alimentação adequada e saudável na rotina de trabalho na Atenção Primária.

Abstract This article aims to analyze the implementation of an Adequate and Healthy Food Promotion Program in Primary Health Care in the municipalities of Minas Gerais. Mixed Methods Research with Data Concomitant Embedded Strategy. Evaluative research from the perspective of the implementation analysis was employed in the quantitative approach. An exploratory-descriptive study was conducted using content analysis in the qualitative approach. Qualitative and quantitative data were incorporated for analysis from their imbrication. The Program Implementation Level (IL) was 92.5%, representing an adequate implementation. The methodology of the actions proposed in the program and the implementation of Continuing Education were convergent strengths that emerged from data imbrication. The need for more human resources for planning and implementing the program and the lack of a kitchen for cooking workshops were identified as challenges. The Program's implementation was adequate and can be extended to other Brazilian municipalities to help professionals structure interventions to promote adequate and healthy food in the Primary Care work routine.

A insegurança alimentar pela voz de adolescentes participantes do Programa Bolsa Família / Food insecurity through the voice of adolescents participating in the Bolsa Família Program / La inseguridad alimentaria a través de las voces de adolescentes participantes del Programa Bolsa Familia

Resumo O trabalho busca conhecer a percepção de adolescentes, participantes do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF), sobre insegurança alimentar (IA). Trata-se de estudo de abordagem qualitativa. O corpus consiste em entrevistas com dez adolescentes e seus responsáveis. Os resultados foram analisados por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo. Foram estabelecidas quatro categorias de análise: "A fome não é só a vontade de comer"; "O fantasma da fome"; "Um por todos e todos por um"; "Estamos seguros?" De maneira geral, os adolescentes percebem que a quantidade e variedade de alimentos mudam durante o mês e que o acesso a alimentos como frutas e carne é difícil. A preocupação com a possibilidade de o alimento faltar está presente na fala de todos os adolescentes entrevistados e se intensifica entre aqueles que vivenciaram a experiência de fome na infância. Em função disso, os adolescentes desenvolvem estratégias para o alívio da IA, para si mesmos e para suas famílias. No entanto, as responsáveis pelos adolescentes não consideram que seus filhos realmente se preocupam com a possibilidade de faltar alimentos no domicílio. Observou-se que os adolescentes percebem a situação de insegurança alimentar no domicílio e são capazes de responder de forma autônoma sobre essa situação.

Abstract Objective: To understand the perception of adolescents, participants of the Bolsa Família Program (PBF), about Food Insecurity (FI). Methods: This is a study with a qualitative approach. The corpus consists of interviews with 10 adolescents and their caregivers. Results were analyzed using Content Analysis (CA) technique. Results: Four categories were established: "Hunger is not just the desire to eat", "The ghost of hunger", "One for all and all for one", and "Are we safe?". Overall, adolescents perceive the amount and variety of food changes throughout the month and that access to meat and fruits is difficult. The concern with the possibility of running out of food permeates the interviewees' statements and intensifies among those who experienced hunger during childhood. As a result, many statements reveal the strategies developed by adolescents to alleviate FI for themselves and their families. However, statements also points to the fact that caregivers do not consider their children are truly concerned with the possibility of running out of food at home. Conclusion: Adolescents perceive food insecurity in the home and are able to respond autonomously to the situation.

Resumen Objetivo: Conocer la percepción de las y los adolescentes participantes del Programa Bolsa Familia (PBF) sobre la inseguridad alimentaria (IA). Métodos: Se trata de un estudio con abordaje cualitativo. El corpus consta de entrevistas a diez adolescentes y a sus tutores. Los resultados se analizaron mediante la técnica de análisis de contenido (CA). Resultados: Se establecieron cuatro categorías de análisis: El hambre no es solo el deseo de comer; El fantasma del hambre; Uno para todos y todos para uno, y ¿Estamos a salvo?. En general, las y los adolescentes perciben que la cantidad y la variedad de alimentos cambia durante el mes y que se les dificulta el acceso a carnes y frutas. La preocupación por la posibilidad de quedarse sin alimentos impregna sus declaraciones y se intensifica entre quienes pasaron hambre durante sus infancias. Como resultado, muchas afirmaciones revelan el desarrollo de estrategias para paliar la IA, para ellos y ellas mismas y para sus familias, pero señalan que sus tutores no consideran que sus hijos e hijas estén realmente preocupados por quedarse sin alimentos en el hogar. Conclusión: Los y las adolescentes perciben la situación de IA en el hogar y son capaces de responder de forma autónoma frente a ella.

Toward the upscaling of school nutrition programs in Dubai: An exploratory study.

Background: School nutrition programs impact the intellectual, social, and emotional development of school children, as well as their future risk of developing Non-Communicable Diseases. While many stakeholders are involved in the development, implementation, and evaluation of school nutrition programs in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, little is known about the complementarity among those stakeholders, and the means to upscale school nutrition programs while ensuring effective, efficient, and equitable implementation. Accordingly, this study aims at exploring the perceptions of a diverse group of stakeholders, positioned at differing levels of the public health and education ecosystems in the United Arab Emirates, in relation to current guidelines and practices around the planning, implementation, and evaluation of school nutrition programs in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Methods: The current study relied on a qualitative design, based on semi-structured key informant interviews. A total of 29 interviews were carried out. Those interviewees included leaders and directors from different institutions, decision- and policy- makers, nutritionists and dieticians, school nurses and nurse managers, and school principals and vice principals. All stakeholders were interviewed by the research team. Data was transcribed, and then thematically analyzed using the health systems' model as an analytic framework. Results: The thematic analysis of interview data identified five interrelated themes. The first theme relates to the limited coordination across regulatory local and federal entities, and the multiplicity of guidelines issued by the different stakeholders. The challenges around the human and financial resourcing of school nutrition programs constituted the second theme. The third theme was the weakly coordinated implementation efforts. The fourth theme was the need for better performance measurement, and the fifth theme flagged the need for improved inclusiveness for health needs and cultural preferences of the diverse student body in Dubai (given that there are citizens from more than 200 nationalities co-existing in Dubai). Conclusion: This study emphasizes that all the involved stakeholders need to better collaborate to upscale the school nutrition program in Dubai. This will require the formation of a unified governing body, which would identify and develop a single stream of resources, and sets in place a reliable, all encapsulating and equitable implementation plan along with an overarching monitoring and evaluation framework.

Calidad en el servicio de alimentación de Casas de la niñez indígena, México: Estudio de caso

RESUMEN El Instituto Nacional de los Pueblos Indígenas es el organismo mexicano encargado de brindar alimentación, además de hospedaje a niñas y niños que provienen de localidades indígenas que no cuentan con acceso educativo en sus lugares de origen, a través de albergues denominados "Casas de la niñez indígena". En 2019 se llevó a cabo el presente estudio, cuyo objetivo fue analizar la calidad del servicio de alimentación otorgado en un albergue del Estado de México, entidad cercana a la Ciudad de México. La calidad se estudió desde una perspectiva multidimensional, por lo que se examinaron tres elementos: la estructura, los procesos y los resultados. Para verificar el cumplimiento de la estructura y los procesos se aplicaron dos listas de cotejo y se establecieron porcentajes de cumplimiento, en el caso de la dimensión resultados se evaluó la aceptabilidad del servicio, a través de la aplicación de 42 cuestionarios a usuarios de 8 a 19 años de edad, cada respuesta del cuestionario obtuvo un puntaje promedio categorizado en rechazo o aceptación del servicio. La estructura del servicio mostró un cumplimiento alto de la calidad (85,7% de cumplimiento), los procesos obtuvieron un cumplimiento medio de la calidad (64,4% de cumplimiento) y la dimensión resultados demostró baja aceptabilidad del servicio respecto a la cantidad de comida servida. Ante el bajo cumplimiento de la calidad en algunos procesos se recomendó la implementación de herramientas e indicadores de calidad para identificar problemáticas y garantizar la inocuidad, además de la calidad del servicio.

ABSTRACT The National Institute of Indigenous People is a Mexican institution in charge of providing food and lodging for indigenous children living in rural areas. These services were provided in shelters known as "Casas de la niñez indígena". In 2019, we carried out this research with the objective of analyzing the quality of the food service provided in a shelter near Mexico City. Quality was analyzed from a multidimensional perspective, we studied three elements: structure, processes and results. The structure and processes were evaluated through checklists and compliance percentages. Results focused on evaluating the acceptability of the service through the application of 42 questionnaires to users from 8 to 19 years of age. Answers were analyzed through an average score categorized in rejection or acceptance of the service. Structure demonstrated high-quality compliance (85.7%), medium quality compliance (64.4%) for processes and the results dimension showed little acceptance to the amount of food served. The implementation of quality tools and indicators were recommended to identify problems in the processes and to guarantee food safety and quality of service.

Hunger and its associated factors in the western Brazilian Amazon: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Hunger affects millions of people worldwide. In the current pandemic scenario of coronavirus Brazil has experienced an epidemic peak of hunger, amplifying existing prepandemic vulnerabilities, mainly in the North Region of the country. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of food insecurity and its associated factors in homes with children under 5 years of age in an urban area of a municipality of the western Brazilian Amazon. METHODS: A household survey was conducted with a probabilistic sample of 557 children and their families. Food insecurity (FI) was determined using the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale. Associations between variables were analyzed based on the prevalence ratio (PR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (CI) calculated through multiple Poisson regression analysis. Variables with a P value < 0.05 after adjustments were considered significantly associated with the outcome. RESULTS: A prevalence of 76.5% (CI 1.36-2.67) food insecurity was found among the families in the study; 42.9% had moderate (CI 1.31-2.83) and severe (CI 1.10-1.83) food insecurity. Moderate and severe FI was associated with low family income (P = 0.00), participation in governmental income transfer programs (P = 0.01), and heads of household with less than 7 years of schooling (P = 0.02). Moreover, substantial frequencies of height deficit and being overweight were found among the children. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of hunger and food insecurity and its associated factors reflects the context of geographic isolation and social exclusion in which these families live, suggesting that a substantial portion of the population under 5 years of age had experienced episodes of hunger in the 90 days prior to the survey. The prevalence of height deficit and being overweight among the children reveals a scenario of epidemiological/nutritional polarization, requiring the formulation of specific public policies for this population.